Permaculture Systems

The Architecture of Biological Resilience: An Analysis of Permaculture Systems and Global Implementations

The conceptual framework of permaculture represents a systematic synthesis of ecological design, landscape architecture, and regenerative agriculture. Originally formulated in the mid-1970s by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, permaculture—a portmanteau of “permanent agriculture” and later “permanent culture”—serves as a multidisciplinary methodology for creating self-sustaining human habitats.[1, 2, 3] This design science emerged as a critical response to the environmental degradation, soil depletion, and fossil fuel dependency inherent in industrialized monocultural systems.[1, 4] By prioritizing the observation of natural patterns and the integration of diverse biological functions, permaculture seeks to establish ecosystems that possess the stability and resilience of wild environments while meeting human needs for food, energy, and shelter.[5, 6]

Theoretical Origins and the Evolution of Design Thinking

The genesis of permaculture was deeply rooted in the socio-political and environmental climate of 1970s Australia. Bill Mollison, a researcher and lecturer at the University of Tasmania, and his student David Holmgren, identified a fundamental flaw in modern agriculture: its reliance on high-energy external inputs and its tendency to destroy its own resource base.[1, 7] Their seminal 1978 work, Permaculture One, laid the foundation for a “permanent” agriculture that could endure indefinitely without depleting the environment.[1, 7]

Initially, the focus was primarily on perennial plant systems and the stabilization of landscape hydrology. However, as the movement grew, the definition expanded to “Permanent Culture,” recognizing that sustainable food systems are impossible without corresponding social, economic, and legal structures that support them.[3, 7] This evolution marked the transition from a specialized gardening technique to a holistic philosophy of living in harmony with nature.[2, 8]

The primary innovation of the permaculture approach is the shift from “product-oriented” systems to “function-oriented” systems.[1] In conventional agriculture, a field is viewed as a single-product system (e.g., wheat or corn). In permaculture, every element is analyzed for its multiple functions and its relationship to other elements.[1, 6, 9] A chicken, for instance, is not merely a source of eggs; it is a mobile fertilizer unit, a pest control specialist, a heat source for a greenhouse, and a biological tiller.[10, 11]

Evolutionary Phases of Permaculture

Evolutionary Phase Period Primary Focus Key Literature
Formulation 1974–1977 Designing productive landscapes mimicking natural forests Permaculture One (1978) [1, 7]
Codification 1980s Establishing the technical manual for global designers Permaculture: A Designers’ Manual (1988) [7]
Philosophical Refinement 2002–Present Integrating systems thinking and social permaculture Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability (2002) [1, 2]
Digital Integration 2010s–Present Utilizing GIS, Remote Sensing, and global digital knowledge sharing Technical reports on GIS applications [12, 13]

The Ethical Foundation: Earth Care, People Care, and the Surplus Debate

Permaculture is distinguished from other agricultural methods by its explicit ethical foundation, which serves as a compass for all design decisions.[9, 14] These ethics—Earth Care, People Care, and Fair Share—are not merely abstract values but are intended to be applied as practical constraints on human behavior and resource management.[2, 6]

Earth Care and Biological Sovereignty

The ethic of Earth Care mandates the provision for all life systems to continue and multiply.[1, 15] This principle asserts that human settlements must act as regenerative forces rather than extractive ones. In a practical design context, Earth Care involves restoring soil fertility, recharging aquifers, and protecting biodiversity of flora and fauna.[14, 16, 17] It advocates for biological over mechanical or chemical inputs and emphasizes perennial polycultures to enhance carbon sequestration.[16, 18]

People Care and the Social Commons

People Care focuses on the provision of resources necessary for human existence in ways that foster autonomy and community resilience.[1, 5, 15] Ecological stability cannot be maintained where human communities experience deprivation or systemic instability. Accordingly, design solutions prioritize relocalized production, cooperative systems, and decentralized stewardship.[1, 5, 19]

Fair Share and the Dynamics of Redistribution

The third ethic, originally framed as “Setting Limits to Population and Consumption,” evolved into “Return of Surplus” and later “Fair Share.”[1, 6, 20] This ethic directly challenges extractive economic paradigms predicated on infinite growth.[20, 21, 22]

Once a system has met its own maintenance requirements, surplus—whether in seeds, compost, knowledge, or capital—is reinvested to reinforce Earth Care and People Care.[20, 23, 24] Interpretations vary from informal gift economies to structural mechanisms such as Community Land Trusts (CLTs) and fixed-percentage reinvestment in ecological regeneration.[23, 24, 25]

The Twelve Principles of Permaculture Design

David Holmgren articulated twelve design principles as cognitive heuristics derived from ecological observation.[1, 2, 14]

  1. Observe and Interact – Prolonged observation precedes intervention.[1, 17, 26]
  2. Catch and Store Energy – Capture resources at peak abundance.[1, 3, 17]
  3. Obtain a Yield – Systems must produce tangible returns.[1, 14, 17]
  4. Apply Self-Regulation and Accept Feedback – Encourage adaptive correction.[1, 17, 26]
  5. Use and Value Renewable Resources and Services – Prioritize replenishable inputs.[1, 14, 17]
  6. Produce No Waste – Close nutrient and energy loops.[1, 17, 26]
  7. Design from Patterns to Details – Recognize macro-patterns before micro-implementation.[1, 17, 27]
  8. Integrate Rather than Segregate – Maximize synergistic relationships.[1, 10, 26]
  9. Use Small and Slow Solutions – Favor incremental and resilient scaling.[1, 3, 27]
  10. Use and Value Diversity – Reduce systemic vulnerability.[1, 17, 26]
  11. Use Edges and Value the Marginal – Optimize ecotonal productivity.[1, 26, 27]
  12. Creatively Use and Respond to Change – Design for adaptive resilience.[1, 3, 14]

Landscape Analysis and Design Methodology

Sector Analysis: Mapping External Forces

Sector analysis maps exogenous energies (solar exposure, wind patterns, water flow, social influences) impacting a site.[28] These forces are represented directionally to guide mitigation or capture strategies.

  • Solar Sectors – Inform passive solar placement.[12, 26, 28]
  • Wind Sectors – Guide windbreak and ventilation design.[28]
  • Water Sectors – Shape erosion control and water harvesting.[12, 28]
  • Social Sectors – Account for legal, acoustic, and visual constraints.[28, 29]

Zone Planning: Energy Gradient Optimization

Zone planning organizes space by frequency of human interaction.[26, 28]

Zone Primary Function Typical Elements Frequency
Zone 0 Center of Activity House, workshop Constant
Zone 1 Intensive Management Kitchen garden, worm farm Multiple daily
Zone 2 Semi-Intensive Orchards, poultry Daily
Zone 3 Broadacre Grains, pasture Weekly
Zone 4 Semi-Wild Timber, forage Seasonal
Zone 5 Wilderness Native habitat Rare

GIS and Remote Sensing in Modern Permaculture

The incorporation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has enhanced design precision.[12] GIS integrates topographic data, soil composition, precipitation metrics, and microclimate modeling. Case studies (e.g., Ankara Stream Basin) demonstrate measurable improvements in site suitability assessments and restoration planning accuracy—up to 40% in large-scale interventions.[12, 13]

Hydrological Design and Earthworks

Water strategy follows the principle: slow, spread, and sink.[32, 33]

Swales

Level-contour trenches intercept runoff and promote infiltration.[32, 34] Proper engineering accounts for rainfall intensity, slope gradient, and berm stabilization via deep-rooted perennials.[34]

Keyline Design

Developed by P.A. Yeomans, keyline plowing redistributes water from valleys to ridges, enhancing uniform soil hydration and topsoil depth.[33, 35]

Regenerative Soil Management

Hugelkultur

Raised beds built over decaying woody biomass function as long-term moisture reservoirs and nutrient banks.[32, 36]

Construction Phases:

  1. Log foundation
  2. Branch infill
  3. Nitrogen-rich layer
  4. Soil cap
  5. Mulch cover

Mature systems reduce irrigation demand significantly.[32, 36]

Sheet Mulching

Layered organic matter suppresses weeds, enhances fungal networks, and increases carbon sequestration (~2.2 lbs C per square foot).[32, 37]

The Permaculture Food Forest: Structural Layers and Guilds

A food forest replicates natural forest stratification.[38, 39]

Seven Layers

  1. Canopy
  2. Sub-canopy
  3. Shrub
  4. Herbaceous
  5. Groundcover
  6. Rhizosphere
  7. Vertical (Vines)

Guild Design

An apple guild may include nitrogen fixers (clover), dynamic accumulators (comfrey), pest confusers (lavender), and beneficial insect attractors (dill).[17, 39, 41]

Social Permaculture and Alternative Economics

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

Subscription-based harvest sharing aligns producer stability with consumer participation.[42, 43]

Community Land Trusts (CLTs)

Land is held in perpetuity for community benefit, enabling long-term agroforestry investments.[16, 25, 44]

Local Exchange Systems

  • LETS networks
  • Time banking
  • Tool libraries

These reduce reliance on centralized financial systems.[21, 45]

Global Case Studies: From Urban Forests to Desert Oases

Zaytuna Farm (Australia)

A 66-acre demonstration site integrating swales, dams, and forest gardens.[47, 48]

Greening the Desert (Jordan): Demonstrated rapid ecological restoration in saline, arid conditions.[47, 49]

Beacon Food Forest (USA)

Seven-acre public urban food commons integrating ecological and social regeneration.[40, 52]

Village Homes (California)

70-acre ecological subdivision with integrated stormwater swales and productive landscapes.[47]

Digital Knowledge Hubs and Multimedia Resources

Permaculture education increasingly leverages digital platforms.[8, 11, 54]

Influential YouTube Channels

  • Geoff Lawton – Broadacre design
  • Justin Rhodes – Integrated poultry systems
  • Edible Acres – Cold climate perennials
  • Canadian Permaculture Legacy – Data-driven regenerative insights

Notable Documentaries

  • The Biggest Little Farm (2018)
  • Inhabit (2015)
  • Seeds of Permaculture (2014)
  • In Grave Danger of Falling Food (1989)
  • Garbage Warrior (2007)

Expanded Technical Addendum: Resilience Engineering, Performance Metrics, and Implementation Pathways (≈2000 words)

Permaculture is often described in inspirational or qualitative terms, yet its central promise—resilience—can be treated as an engineering property: the ability of a coupled human–ecological system to maintain function under disturbance, reorganize after shocks, and continue to evolve without catastrophic loss of capacity.[1, 2, 14] This section extends the article with a more explicitly technical lens: measurable indicators, design workflows, risk management, and operational considerations for permaculture systems at different scales.

Resilience as Architecture: Redundancy, Modularity, Diversity, and Feedback

From a systems perspective, resilience arises from a small number of recurring structural features:

  • Redundancy of critical functions: Multiple elements provide the same essential service. For example, fertility can be supplied via nitrogen-fixing shrubs, composting, animal manures, green manures, and mulching. If one pathway fails (e.g., manure supply drops), other pathways maintain system performance.[1, 17]
  • Functional diversity vs. mere species count: Diversity is most protective when it spans functional niches—root depths, nutrient acquisition strategies, flowering times, drought tolerance, and pest resistance mechanisms. A “diverse” bed of plants that all rely on shallow soil moisture can still fail under drought; a bed that includes deep-rooted perennials, tubers, and mulched groundcovers distributes risk across hydrological strata.[17, 38]
  • Modularity and compartmentalization: Systems that can “fail in parts” without collapsing as a whole are more resilient. In practice, this means distributing production across multiple beds, microclimates, and polycultures, rather than concentrating yield in a single vulnerable block.
  • Tight but intelligible feedback loops: Observation is not just a principle—it is a control system. Rapid feedback (pest pressure, moisture stress, nutrient deficiency) informs rapid intervention (mulch, shade cloth, predator habitat, fertility amendments) before the disturbance becomes systemic.[1, 26]

These are the same mechanisms found in robust natural ecosystems, but permaculture makes them explicit as design constraints.

Quantifying Performance: Practical Metrics for Regenerative Systems

While permaculture resists reductionism, practitioners benefit from a minimum viable metrics suite—a short list of indicators that can be measured cheaply and repeated over time. A pragmatic framework includes:

1) Soil Health Indicators (Biophysical Capital)

  • Soil Organic Matter (SOM) / Soil Organic Carbon (SOC): Tracks fertility, water holding capacity, and carbon sequestration.[18] Even without lab testing, a baseline sample every 1–2 years can be informative.
  • Aggregate stability and infiltration: Simple field tests (slake test, infiltration ring) reveal whether soil structure is improving under mulches, reduced tillage, and perennial root systems.[32, 37]
  • Biological activity proxies: Earthworm counts per shovel, fungal-to-bacterial “feel” (hyphal presence in mulch layers), and decomposition rates of leaf litter provide operational signals, even when lab microscopy is unavailable.

2) Hydrological Indicators (Water as the Master Variable)

  • Infiltration capacity and runoff frequency: Track whether rainfall events produce sheet flow (erosion risk) or disappear into soil (water security). Swales, mulch, and perennial cover should reduce runoff over time.[32, 34]
  • Soil moisture persistence: Low-tech tensiometers or simple “probe” readings can reveal whether earthworks and organic matter are extending moisture availability through dry periods.
  • Storage adequacy: In climates with seasonal rain, the critical question is not annual rainfall but rainfall timing vs. system demand. Catchment sizing and storage capacity can be modeled, then validated empirically.

3) Yield and Nutritional Output (Human-Useful Work)

  • Calories and protein per unit area: Gardens can look productive while under-delivering on staple nutrition. Tracking staple yields (tubers, grains, legumes, eggs) complements tracking high-value greens and herbs.
  • Yield stability across seasons: Resilience is reflected in reduced variance. A food forest may have lower peak annual yields than intensively managed annual beds, but higher multi-year reliability and lower input cost.[38, 40]

4) Biodiversity and Biological Control (Self-Regulation Capacity)

  • Pollinator presence and flowering continuity: The number of flowering species across seasons correlates with beneficial insect persistence.
  • Pest-to-predator ratio: Observations of lacewings, hoverflies, spiders, and predatory wasps can function as an early warning system. Habitat features (hedgerows, small ponds, insectary plantings) are infrastructure for biological regulation.[17, 41]

5) Energy and Input Dependency (Thermodynamic Efficiency)

  • Input hours and external inputs: Track labor hours, purchased fertility, and irrigation water. A system can be “organic” but not resilient if it requires fragile supply chains.
  • Embodied energy accounting: Where possible, estimate reliance on imported compost, plastic irrigation, and mechanized disturbance. A permaculture system aims to shift toward locally produced fertility and durable, repairable infrastructure.[1, 6]

Together, these metrics turn permaculture from a philosophy into an operational discipline, without stripping it of nuance.

Implementation Workflow: From Survey to Iteration

Many permaculture failures are not concept failures but project management failures: insufficient baseline observation, overbuilt earthworks, or a mismatch between ambition and maintenance capacity. A robust workflow looks like:

  1. Baseline survey and constraints mapping: Climate, slope, aspect, soils, water sources, legal restrictions, and social context.[28, 29]
  2. Risk-first design: Identify catastrophic risks first (flood routes, fire corridors, erosion gullies, waterlogging zones, salt accumulation). Design to eliminate or buffer these before optimizing yields.
  3. Water and access skeleton: Place roads, paths, drainage, and water-harvesting earthworks early; everything else keys off this skeleton.[32, 34, 35]
  4. Establish perennials and soil-building: Prioritize shade, mulch production, windbreaks, and nitrogen fixation so the system’s internal fertility engine comes online.
  5. Add annuals and high-value intensives as “cashflow crops”: Annual beds can provide quick yields while perennials mature, but should be positioned where they do not sabotage long-term perennial hydrology and soil structure.
  6. Monitor and iterate: Seasonal review against the metric suite; adjust plant selection, spacing, mulch strategy, and animal rotations accordingly.[1, 26]

This workflow operationalizes Holmgren’s principle of small and slow solutions: build capacity first, then complexity.

Functional Plant Selection: Trait-Based Design Over Species Lists

A frequent design error is choosing plants by popularity rather than functional traits. Trait-based selection asks: What job does this plant do in this niche under these stresses?

Key traits in resilient polycultures include:

  • Root architecture diversity: Combine fibrous-rooted groundcovers (erosion control), tap-rooted dynamic accumulators (mineral cycling), and rhizomatous spreaders (soil knitting).
  • Phenological staggering: Spread flowering and fruiting across seasons to stabilize pollinators, yields, and labor loads.[38, 39]
  • Stress-tolerance portfolios: Mix heat, drought, waterlogging, and pest tolerance. Climate volatility means “average conditions” are no longer the true design target.
  • Chop-and-drop biomass production: Species that generate large mulch volumes are “fertility engines.” Without on-site biomass, systems often become dependent on imported materials.[32, 37]

In practical terms, a food forest should be understood as a biological machine: sunlight in, durable soil capital and edible outputs out—mediated by a living layer stack.

Integrating Animals: Mobile Processors in a Closed-Loop Economy

Animals, when managed with intention, function as distributed processors—converting biomass and waste into fertility, disturbance, and protein.[10, 11]

  • Poultry: Excellent for litter-based composting, pest reduction, and surface disturbance. However, overstocking creates nitrogen burn, compaction in wet soils, and parasite cycles. Rotation design must consider recovery periods, especially in humid climates.
  • Ruminants: Valuable for grassland management and fertility cycling at larger scales, but require careful timing to prevent overgrazing and soil exposure. Their primary product in regenerative design is often soil building, not just meat or milk.
  • Aquaculture elements: Small ponds can add microclimate buffering, irrigation reserves, and integrated protein where appropriate.[26, 31]

A useful heuristic is to treat animals as function multipliers, not “add-ons.” If an animal does not reduce total labor or increase system stability, it may be an emotional choice rather than a design choice.

Urban and Peri-Urban Permaculture: Constraints as Design Inputs

Urban sites invert traditional assumptions: land is small, waste streams are abundant, and social interfaces are intense.[19, 40, 52] The technical opportunities include:

  • High edge-to-area ratio: Urban gardens can exploit edges (walls, fences, balconies) for vertical growing and microclimate intensification.[26, 27]
  • Resource capture: Coffee grounds, leaf litter, and food scraps are local fertility streams. The limiting factor becomes logistics and contamination risk management.
  • Stormwater design: Even small sites can implement rain gardens, swales-on-contour at micro-scale, permeable surfaces, and cisterns to reduce runoff and buffer heat.[12, 28]
  • Commons governance: Urban food forests demonstrate that social design is not optional; harvesting norms, stewardship roles, and conflict resolution determine ecological longevity.[40, 53]

Beacon Food Forest illustrates that yields include education, mental health, and social cohesion—non-caloric yields that can still be tracked through participation and stewardship continuity.[40, 53]

Failure Modes and Risk Controls: Why Projects Collapse

A technical analysis must include common failure modes:

  1. Overbuilt earthworks without hydrological modeling: Swales placed incorrectly can cause waterlogging, berm failure, or diverted flows into structures.[34]
  2. Insufficient mulch and biomass production: Systems remain dependent on imported inputs, undermining resilience and economics.[32, 37]
  3. Planting too dense too early: Leads to competition, disease pressure, and expensive thinning. Density should match the site’s water and fertility trajectory, not the designer’s impatience.
  4. Ignoring maintenance bandwidth: Complex polycultures can increase cognitive load. Designs should match the operator’s time and skill, then scale with experience.
  5. Social mismatch: Projects fail when land tenure is insecure, neighbor relations are adversarial, or governance is undefined—hence the emphasis on permanent culture.[3, 25, 44]

The antidote is not perfection but adaptive capacity: build a system that can be corrected cheaply.

Economic Viability: From Hobby Systems to Durable Livelihoods

Permaculture is often criticized for romanticism. A rigorous response is to treat financial durability as a design constraint under People Care and Fair Share.[5, 20, 25]

Operational strategies that improve viability:

  • Stacked enterprises: Multiple small income streams (nursery plants, eggs, workshops, specialty perennials, value-added products) reduce market risk.
  • Perennial staples and low labor crops: Systems that rely on high-labor annual vegetables can be profitable but are vulnerable to labor disruption. Perennials and tree crops smooth labor demand.
  • Community-supported and commons models: CSA and CLTs reduce capital volatility by stabilizing land access and income, enabling long-horizon investments like orchards and windbreaks.[42, 44]

A key insight is that many regenerative systems are “capital-light but time-heavy” at first. Design should therefore aim for front-loaded soil building that reduces long-term time costs.

Climate Volatility and Design for Extremes

Designing for historical climate averages is increasingly risky. Resilient design increasingly means designing for variance and extremes:

  • Heat: Shade architecture, canopy development, and evaporative cooling via ponds and mulched soils.
  • Intense rainfall: Spillways, armored overflows, and redundancy in drainage routes to prevent catastrophic erosion.
  • Drought: Deep organic matter, perennial root depth, water storage, and reduced exposed soil.
  • Salinity: Biological remediation via organic matter accumulation, careful irrigation management, and plant selection; Greening the Desert is often cited as proof-of-concept for salt-stressed sites.[47, 49]

The technical objective is to maintain function under likely disturbances, not to maximize output under ideal conditions.

Institutionalization and the Next Phase of Maturity

The movement’s “digital integration” phase is not just social media; it is the gradual convergence of permaculture practice with formal tools: GIS, remote sensing, hydrological modeling, carbon accounting, and ecosystem service analysis.[12, 13, 66] A mature permaculture discipline will likely include:

  • Standardized monitoring protocols for soil, water, biodiversity, and yields.
  • Decision-support tools that translate site data into design options.
  • Proof-of-performance case libraries that distinguish anecdote from repeatable patterns.

This trajectory does not replace permaculture’s ethics; it strengthens them by enabling transparent claims and robust replication.

Technical Summary and Future Outlook

Permaculture integrates indigenous land stewardship with contemporary ecological science.[4, 56] It operates across scales—from urban rooftops to continental rangelands.[5, 30, 62] Its resilience stems from redundancy, functional diversity, modularity, and tight feedback loops, all grounded in ethics and translated into design principles.

Current trajectories include advanced geospatial modeling, carbon sequestration analytics, and ecosystem service quantification.[12, 18, 66] As climate volatility and soil degradation intensify, permaculture offers a framework for resilient food systems and regenerative settlement design—provided it is implemented with rigorous site assessment, conservative earthworks, measurable monitoring, and governance suited to the social realities of place.[4, 5, 16, 53]

By privileging systemic observation over extractive intervention, permaculture demonstrates that anthropogenic systems can become net-positive ecological agents rather than drivers of collapse.[1, 6, 17]

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  49. What Permaculture Documentaries Inspire You?, https://permies.com/t/65034/Permaculture-Documentaries-Inspire
  50. Greening the Desert Project - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgF9BU4uYMU
  51. Permaculture In The City: A Sampler Of Inspiring Urban Agriculture Projects, https://www.permaculturewomen.com/urban-agriculture-examples/
  52. What is a food forest?, https://www.beaconfoodforest.org/earthcare/what-is-a-food-forest
  53. Urban Food Forest Initiatives: A Resource Guide for Planters and Planners. - SPARC Environmental Justice Lab, https://sparc.utah.edu/_resources/documents/urban-food-forests-resource-guide-for-slc.pdf
  54. I’m always looking for more YouTube content to absorb, what are your favorite Permaculture/Gardening channels? Here’s mine - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/Permaculture/comments/b13hxn/im_always_looking_for_more_youtube_content_to/
  55. 30 Permaculture YouTubers You Must Follow in 2026, https://videos.feedspot.com/permaculture_youtube_channels/
  56. What Are Your Favorite Permaculture Videos? - Permies.com, https://permies.com/t/97638/Favorite-Permaculture-Videos
  57. Discover Permaculture with Geoff Lawton - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCL_r1ELEvAuN0peKUxI0Umw/videos
  58. Recommendations for permaculture documentaries? - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/Permaculture/comments/eoo5vv/recommendations_for_permaculture_documentaries/
  59. The Biggest Little Farm: Official Trailer - Biodynamic Association, https://www.biodynamics.com/blog/biggest-little-farm-official-trailer?fbclid=IwAR1n8ieQz2LOV7l2KkzAEirbigRR6tBaAYBUxbRzPU9gxPBH6Mi8ywy16cM
  60. The Biggest Little Farm: The Return Trailer Takes Audiences Back to Basics - Collider, https://collider.com/biggest-little-farm-the-return-trailer-documentary-disney-plus/
  61. The Biggest Little Farm - Apricot Lane Farms, https://www.apricotlanefarms.com/biggest-little-farm/
  62. “INHABIT” the documentary: a permaculture perspective | crosscuts and castirons, https://crosscutsandcastirons.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/inhabit-the-documentary-a-permaculture-perspective/
  63. Film Screening: Inhabit, A Permaculture Perspective, https://www.paradisepermaculture.org/events/film-screening-inhabit-a-permaculture-perspective/
  64. Seeds of Permaculture: If It’s Beautiful, It’s Better (2013) Full Documentary - Films For Action, https://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/seeds-of-permaculture-tropical-permaculture/
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